Cress Help - Ice forces - A21.8

Ice forces on slopes

Forces on slopes (see [g]):

The width of the contact area is equal to the minimum area of the width of the ice cover and the construction width. The length of the ice cover taken is maximally 3 times the width of the river. If bank friction take up part of the load the part of the ice cover that loads the structure has a triangular shape:

Ice field with area A presses on structure with width B.
Owing to bank friction a triangular shape is maintained for the approaching ice field.

The structure can also consist of a number of piers in a river. B is then equal to the width of the river.
This force can push the ice cover up the dike slope and thus cause damage to the dike revetment and protruding elements on dikes such as banks, piles, and plants.

References
[a] ing. C.J.A. Zijlmans, IJsbezetting -bestrijding op de grote rivieren in Nederland, Literatuurstudie, Rijkswaterstaat, Dir. benedenrivieren, afd. AXB, org. IJsopruiming, sektie onderzoek, nov. 1980.
[b] Stormvloedkering Nieuwe Waterweg, document ontwerp, deel 1, RWS Directie sluizen en stuwen, 31 juli 1989, BMK.
[c] ir A.W. de Haas, april 1986, Ice afvoerproblematiek voor de grote rivieren en de Rijndelta, bijzondere onderwerpen, RWS dir. Benedenrivieren, Organisatie IJsopruiming Sectie Onderzoek.
[d] ir T. Stoutjesdijk e.a. Grondmechanica Delft, oktober 1991, Taludbekledingen van gezette steen, bijzondere belastingen, co-320030/3.
[e] H.R. Kivisild, Proceedings 8th IAHR-congres 1959, Montreal-Canada-Volume III, "Ice problems in hydraulic structures.
[f] ir F. Gerritsen, Proceedings POAC-conference "The first international conference on port and ocean engineering under Arctic conditions", Vol. I Norway 1971, Ice problems in Dutch rivers and estuaries, blz. 582 e.v.
[g] Korzhavin, K. N., Action of ice on engineering structures, Novosibirsk, Akad. Nauk. USSR 1962.Vertaling: TL 260 van CRREL Hanover, New Hampshire, 1971
[h] Russische ontwerpregels uit 1986.
[i] Carstens T. editor, Working group on ice forces on structures, A State-of-the-art report, special report 80-26, june 1980.